Most European countries use a voltage of 220V-230V, so if you are traveling from Europe, your appliances will function fine without a need for a converter. North American appliances however, run on 110V and so, you will need a converter so that your 110V item does not fry (literally) when you plug it into the 220V source.

You use a one phase motor because you don't have three phases. That means using phase-phase voltage on it wouldn't make sense, you should be using a three phase motor instead. The 120V vs. 240V is not related to phase to phase voltage(or live wire to live wire) as that would be \$120\sqrt(3)\approx 207V\$.
If the power rating is given at 230V it will take rated current at 230V and more at 240V. If the power rating is given at 240V it will take rated current at 240V and less at 230V. Many heating elements only deliver rated power at their highest rated voltage, making that the worst case for current.
Kevin, according to the specs for the air conditioner the circuit that should be installed would be a 30 amp 230 volt circuit using 10/2 cable with ground. The circuit breaker for this air conditioner circuit should be a 2-pole 30 amp breaker. More about Electric Circuit Wiring for a 230 Volt Air Conditioner. Air Conditioning Articles.
I've only been able to find a replacement cord online rated 2.5A 250V. Is it safe to use the 250V replacement even though the voltage is double? The brick input is 100-240V 1.6A 50/60Hz. Further detail, if needed, the brick output is 15.0Vā€”4.0A 60.0W, 5.0Vā€”1.0A 5.0W. I'm sure you've seen this question a million times.

Most of the common glass fuses (3AG) are rated at least at 125 v, but in countries with 230v ac they are always available at 240v rating. The fuse can be used as long as its voltage rating exceeds that of the application it is in ie a 240v 1 amp fuse can be used in a 110v application but a 110v 1 amp fuse should not be used in a 240v application.

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can i use 250v in 230v